I. General characteristics of pharmaceutical & cosmetic wastewater

Unlike domestic or typical industrial wastewater, pharmaceutical industry wastewater contains complex compounds.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Contains Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), excipients, organic solvents (ethanol, methanol…).

Heavy metals

May contain heavy metals from the coating process or equipment.

High pH

pH fluctuates strongly due to the use of acids/bases in production.

Colorants, additives

May contain colorants and additives for pharmaceutical/chemical production lines.

High COD, BOD

High COD and BOD levels, difficult to biodegrade and existing in micro-particle form: Due to containing many organic compounds from drugs, solvents, additives…

Other components

Pollution components change continuously: Because the pharmaceutical industry constantly innovates drug formulas, making control and treatment more difficult.

II. Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment system diagram

Wastewater from production and cleaning processes is collected in the collection tank, then pumped through the screening device to remove coarse trash, avoiding system clogging. Next, wastewater flows through **serial contact oxidation tanks (1, 2, 3)** – here air blowers provide continuous oxygen for the oxidation process of organic substances (BOD, COD), TN, TP

Contact oxidation filtration technology uses contact materials with a 3D structure submerged in the treatment tank, supplemented with oxygen from air blowers to allow the oxidation reaction of pollution components to take place. Contact materials allow the oxidation efficiency to increase manifold and be distributed evenly throughout all areas of the treatment tank.

R&D results in the lab as well as actual operating data prove COD removal efficiency reaches 125mg/L – 250 mg/L per 1m3 of contact material.

After the reaction stage, pollution components are converted into waste sludge in the water, and separated from the water source at the phase separation tank. Settled sludge and floating sludge are collected in the sludge holding tank for periodic treatment or suctioning. The clear water is sent to the disinfection tank using Chlorine or UV rays to destroy harmful microorganisms before being discharged into the environment, ensuring compliance with discharge regulations.

III. How are Vietnamese Pharmaceutical factories treating wastewater?

Treating production wastewater physically/chemically keeps operating costs high; many factories cannot afford to maintain operation according to the design

For factories using biological technology, microorganisms often encounter load shock phenomena and unstable operation

Operating staff encounter many difficulties in handling incidents during operation, lacking the ability to standardize operating procedures.

IV. NGO’s solution is completely distinct in the market

With understanding of the properties of raw materials used in pharmaceutical and chemical production activities, NGO designs systems with different treatment levels, completely suitable for the specific characteristics of each factory

The system consists of 3 main oxidation reaction treatment steps

Level 1: BOD Oxidation

Level 2: Oxidation of preservatives, surfactants from line cleaning chemicals, and TN nutrients

Level 3: Oxidation of trace soluble COD difficult to biodegrade

NGO’s solution allows:

• Minimizing chemical consumption compared to advanced oxidation or activated carbon adsorption methods
• Stable system operation, good treatment of toxins harmful to microorganisms that cause load shock to the system
• The system personalizes additional treatment steps depending on the reuse purpose of each factory.

VI. Frequently Asked Questions

See more :

https://ngoenvironment.com/en/solution.html

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Enterprises interested in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Solutions, please contact NGO via Hotline 024.7300.0890 or email office@8ngo.com for direct consultation.

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The dairy processing industry in Vietnam is growing strongly along with the increasing demand for dairy products. Parallel to the economic benefits, the milk production process also generates a significant amount of wastewater.

On average, for every liter of milk processed, 2–6 liters of wastewater can be generated. This wastewater contains high concentrations of organic substances (lactose, fat, milk proteins, etc.), making the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of raw milk ~250 times higher than that of typical domestic wastewater. If not treated properly, dairy wastewater will cause severe pollution to the receiving water body, especially organic and nutrient pollution.

An inefficient treatment system can expose a business to fines of up to billions of dong, the risk of operational suspension, and worse, a media crisis that could destroy a painstakingly built brand image. A single non-compliant discharge incident can become a negative media focal point, causing immeasurable damage.

Don’t let wastewater become a legal risk and a critical vulnerability in your production chain. At NGO International, with nearly 10 years of experience, we don’t just provide a treatment system; we deliver a comprehensive solution, turning environmental costs into a smart investment, protecting your reputation, and ensuring sustainable development for your business.

I. Dairy Production Process and Wastewater Characteristics

The production process for dairy products (pasteurized fresh milk, yogurt, butter, cheese, powdered milk, etc.) involves many different stages. During this process, multiple wastewater sources are generated, mainly from equipment cleaning and raw material losses. The main sources of discharge include:

In general, most of the pollution in dairy plant wastewater originates from milk and dairy products lost during the production process. Therefore, minimizing leaks and maximizing the recovery of residual milk will significantly contribute to reducing the pollution load on the treatment system.

Table: Comparison of Typical Dairy Wastewater Characteristics and Discharge Standard Column B (reference values)

II. Current Common Solutions and NGO’s Differentiating Technology

Comparison of dairy wastewater treatment solutions between NGO International and traditional technology:

III. Case Study

• Background: A dairy processing plant with a capacity of 1200 m³/day, TSS = 500 mg/L, COD = 1000 mg/L. The old treatment system was frequently overloaded, effluent was unstable, and chemical costs were high.
• Solution from NGO International: Instead of applying a traditional anaerobic biological treatment method, a system for COD treatment and upstream fat and protein separation was implemented.
• Impressive Results:
  • TSS reduced by 90% & COD reduced by 50% after just one treatment step.
  • Reduced pollution load on the biological system, helping it operate stably & eliminating shock load phenomena.

NGO, in partnership with Krofta—which holds over 20 patents and has experience in more than 40 countries worldwide—is committed to delivering quality solutions for dairy industry projects.

IV. Frequently Asked Questions

See more at:
https://ngoenvironment.com/vn/technology.html

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Businesses interested in Dairy Wastewater Treatment Solutions, please contact NGO via Phone 024.7300.0890 or email office@8ngo.com for a direct consultation.

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In recent years, Vietnam’s beverage industry has contributed more than 10% to the national GDP, maintaining an impressive growth rate. The average annual growth of this segment is expected to reach 6.28% from 2023 to 2028.

As the demand for beverages increases, the supply chain for aluminum packaging (aluminum cans) has also expanded. Aluminum cans, in particular, have the advantage of being more recyclable than other packaging materials, aligning with businesses’ efforts toward sustainable packaging.

1. Aluminum Can Production Process

2. Challenges in Treating Aluminum Can Production Wastewater

a. Characteristics of Wastewater

The composition and characteristics of aluminum can production wastewater primarily include heavy metals, mineral oils, and organic compounds.

• Heavy metals such as aluminum, chromium, nickel, and cadmium may appear in wastewater from plating, anodizing, and protective coating processes.

• High COD and BOD levels: Organic compounds from paints, inks, and surface treatment chemicals contribute to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in aluminum can production wastewater.

• High suspended solids (TSS): Suspended solids often include aluminum dust, aluminum scraps, and residual contaminants from cutting, stamping, and machining processes.

Note: The concentration ranges in the table are for reference only. Actual values may vary depending on production technology and pollution control measures at each factory.

3. Wastewater Treatment Solutions by NGO International

a. Compact Treatment System with Small Footprint

NGO International designs systems that effectively separate and pre-treat highly polluted wastewater streams, reducing the overall pollution load. This approach optimizes reaction tank volumes and minimizes construction space.

b. Cost-Optimized Investment

With extensive expertise in wastewater characteristics and contaminants, NGO International optimizes designs using 100% locally manufactured equipment in Vietnam, reducing investment costs.

c. Wastewater Recycling & Reuse

Currently, treated wastewater meets QCVN 40:2025/BTNMT standards and is discharged into the environment. However, as environmental concerns grow and clean water becomes scarcer, simply meeting discharge standards is no longer the most economical or effective solution for modern industries. In line with sustainable development trends, wastewater reuse is becoming a strategic approach.

Instead of wasting valuable resources, treated wastewater can be recycled for production, aiming toward a zero-discharge factory model.

Businesses interested in wastewater treatment solutions for aluminum can production can contact NGO International at +84 24 7300 0890 or email office@8ngo.com for direct consultation.

See more at:

https://ngoenvironment.com/en/wastewater-treatment-tec29-physical-and-chemical-wastewater-treatment-methods-d55.html

https://shopngoenvironment.com/en/product-category/industrial-products/flotation-equipment/

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The Vietnamese coffee industry is facing a dual opportunity and challenge. The opportunity comes from a global market that increasingly favors high-quality, sustainably certified products. The challenge arises from the production process itself—a process that consumes a vast amount of water and generates one of the most “difficult-to-treat” types of wastewater.

I. Roasted Coffee Production and Discharge Reduction Requirements

The coffee production process consumes a large amount of water resources and simultaneously generates a significant amount of wastewater and sludge into the environment. 

II.Roasted and Ground Coffee

In the production process of roasted and ground coffee, the coffee beans, after harvesting, must undergo processing to remove the fruit’s skin and dry the beans before roasting. There are two main processing methods: wet processing and dry processing. 

a. Wet Coffee Processing Method:

The wet coffee processing method is a complex process that requires the use of various machinery and consumes a significant amount of water, commonly applied when processing Arabica coffee.

This method produces coffee beans with a bright, clean flavor profile and is often used for high-quality coffees.

Process and Characteristics of Wastewater Generated from the Wet Method:

b. Dry Coffee Processing Method:

Dry processing, also known as the natural method, is the more traditional and simpler method. Dry-processed coffee typically has a sweet flavor, heavy body, and strong fruity notes.

In Vietnam, the dry processing method is still the primary and more common method, especially for Robusta coffee, which accounts for the majority of Vietnam’s coffee production (approximately 90% of the output).

Process and Characteristics of Wastewater Generated from the Dry Method:

III. Limitations of Current Wastewater Treatment Solutions for Roasted Coffee Production

Current wastewater treatment methods for roasted coffee production often combine the following treatment processes:

1. Mechanical treatment (sedimentation, filtration) to remove suspended solids.
2. Physicochemical treatment (coagulation, oil and grease separation) to remove insoluble substances and oils.
3. Biological treatment (aerobic, anaerobic) to treat organic substances.
4. Membrane filtration technology to improve effluent quality.

Current coffee wastewater treatment methods can handle most pollutant concentrations to meet environmental discharge standards and are applied in many coffee production facilities in Vietnam. However, when considering various factors including treatment efficiency, cost, feasibility, and environmental impact, there are still many limitations:

– Requires a large area to build treatment tanks, which can be a challenge for businesses where land needs to be prioritized for production

– The large volume of wastewater and the monthly discharge fees to industrial parks/clusters represent a significant cost.

– A large amount of sludge is produced that requires subsequent treatment, further increasing disposal costs.

– Biological treatment methods are quite sensitive to fluctuations in pollutant load, causing many factories to face operational difficulties and frequent incidents.

– High electricity consumption, indirectly increasing greenhouse gas emissions

IV. The Solution from NGO International Co., Ltd

We understand that businesses are striving to increase their competitiveness in the market and need to meet the increasingly high demands of Sustainable Development, including standards like Rainforest Alliance, UTZ Certified, and Fair Trade.

NGO has spent years collecting operational data from coffee production plants in Vietnam as well as operational data from coffee wastewater treatment plants to research and develop a solution focused on the goals of energy savings and resource reuse:

V. Frequently Asked Questions

Read more : https://ngoenvironment.com/en/solution.html

NGO International Co., Ltd is committed to providing the most advanced, modern technologies to help businesses not only minimize discharge but also enhance production efficiency and protect the environment. Contact us to learn more about our wastewater treatment solutions for roasted coffee production for your business via phone at 024.7300.0890 or email office@8ngo.com for a direct consultation.

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This website is copyrighted by NGO International Co., Ltd. Any use or copying of all or part of the content in any form is strictly prohibited, except with explicit written permission from Us.

According to data from the Ministry of Planning and Investment as of the end of January 2025, the country currently has about 433 operational Industrial Parks out of a total of 575 in the national development plan for Industrial Parks in Vietnam, which was approved by the Prime Minister to extend to 2030. The number of Industrial Clusters is projected to reach 1,849.

Vietnam is emerging as a new industrial manufacturing hub in the Asian region and is receiving an ever-increasing wave of FDI investment. Consequently, the number of investment projects in the infrastructure of industrial parks and industrial clusters is very dynamic.

For infrastructure developers, the pressure of increasingly strict regulatory compliance, the investment and operational costs of wastewater treatment systems, along with the demand for “Green Value” and “Sustainable Development” to attract secondary investors, are becoming a complex challenge. Is there a solution that both ensures treatment efficiency and legal compliance, while also optimizing costs and enhancing the “green” image for the Industrial Park?

THE DEVELOPER’S CHALLENGE

Regulatory Compliance Pressure

High Initial Investment Costs

Demand for ‘Green Value’ & Sustainability

Choosing Appropriate Technology

WE PROVIDE

• Consulting on pollution treatment plans tailored to each development phase of the industrial park, industrial cluster while ensuring compliance with legal requirements
• Technology suitable for both discharge purposes and for water reclamation or landscaping.

Reduce up to

50%

Treatment tank area

Reduce up to

35%

Construction cost

OUR COMMITMENT

• Operational management support to ensure water quality meets design specifications
• Support for the developer regarding legal compliance
• Consulting on circular economy initiatives, adding value in the IP, IC

• Client: A Textile & Dyeing Industrial Cluster in Northern Vietnam
• Challenge: The existing wastewater treatment system was overloaded in terms of capacity and influent pollution load, frequently failing to meet QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT Grade A standards. Operational costs were high due to extensive chemical usage, and there was no available space to expand the treatment tanks.
• NGO International’s Solution:
  • Surveyed & re-evaluated the wastewater characteristics from factories discharging to the IC
  • Stabilized flow rate and pollutant concentrations to reduce daily fluctuations
  • Readjusted the technological principles between the existing tanks
• Result:
  • Reduced daily water quality fluctuations; the treatment efficiency of each technology unit improved by 20% – 56%, leading to stable operation with fewer incidents.
  • Operational chemical costs reduced by 30% (reduction in decolorizing agents, pH adjustment chemicals, etc.)

“Working with NGO gives us great confidence because the daily operational analysis data is always clear. After NGO’s upgrade, we have significantly cut chemical operating costs and reduced the number of operational staff at the plant.” – Mr. Do Quoc Cuong, Director of the IC Management Board.

IV. Frequently Asked Questions

Read more at: 

https://ngoenvironment.com/en/wastewater-treatment-tec29-other-industrial-wastewater-treatment-technologies-d136.html

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Businesses interested in Wastewater Treatment Solutions for Industrial Parks and Clusters, please contact NGO via phone at 024.7300.0890 or email office@8ngo.com for a direct consultation.

***Please carefully read the Terms of Use – Copyright notice before copying or citing the content and images of this website.

This website is copyrighted by NGO International Co., Ltd. Any use or copying of all or part of the content in any form is strictly prohibited, except with explicit written permission from Us.

With optimal design, simple operation, electrocatalytic technology is effectively applied to treat aquaculture wastewater by using electrolysis catalytic reaction equipment to thoroughly remove pollutants in wastewater such as COD, BOD, Ammonium or pathogenic microorganism.

1. Composition of aquaculture wastewater:

In Vietnam, besides the forms of aquaculture in cages, the forms of aquaculture in ponds and lakes are very popular and developed in many localities throughout the country. The main aquaculture species are freshwater fish, prawns, black tiger shrimp … With the rapid development of the aquaculture industry in recent years, a large amount of wastewater from many aquaculture units has not been thoroughly treated, leading to the risk of polluting water sources in general and lakes water in particular, significantly impacting on aquatic life and human life.

Aquaculture wastewater in general and wastewater from fish, shrimp farming in particular have high concentrations of COD, BOD, N and harmful microorganisms due to organic sources from surplus feed, bio-products used in stock-raising and waste water from livestock.

1.1 Characteristics of wastewater from fish farming:

• Fishpond water is polluted mainly by excess organic matter in water from food sources. The fact that, only about 17% of food is absorbed by fishes and the rest (about 83%) mixed in water then becomes decomposed organic matters. Stool and other wastes shall deposit in the bottom of pond, which make COD, BOD, N and other pathogenic microorganisms increase. If the waste source is discharged into the environment, it will cause eutrophication at receiving sources or algae blooms. In addition, wastewater containing residual chemicals (e.g:  antibiotics for fish) must be treated.

1.2 Characteristics of wastewater from shrimp farming:

• Wastewater of shrimp farming contains large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients, which cause super-nutrients, thereby increasing the initial productivity and proliferation of bacteria. The presence of carbonic compounds and organic matter will reduce dissolved oxygen and increase BOD, COD, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and methane content in natural waters. Another problem caused by shrimp farming is sludge sedimentation in the surrounding areas, such as mangroves. Most of substances in shrimp farming water are deposited at the bottom, which is a threat to shrimps, and shrimp farming. This mud layer is very toxic, contains many harmful substances such as ammonia, sulfur compounds….

2. Treatment solution applied to wastewater in aquaculture ponds and lakes using electrocatalytic technology.

2.1 Advantages:

• Directly treat wastewater in ponds and lakes without affecting fishes and shrimps;
• Water in ponds and lakes are continuously treated by using electrolysis catalytic reaction equipment immediately. The method saves water and periodic water changing cost;
• Simple operation and periodic cleaning;
• Decontaminating harmful wastes such as ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (NO2-) to help keep aquatic life in clean and healthy water.
• Break down protein and nutrients, reducing total organic matter levels in water
• Reduce the start-up time of the tank/ pond (Nitrogen Cycle) and prevents new tank/pond syndrome
• Minimize odor from pond water
• Improve the transparency of water
• Support to increase the longevity, density and weight of shrimps and fishes in the ponds, thereby improving economic efficiency.

2.2 Operating Principles:

Electrocatalytic treatment technology for aquaculture wastewater which contains a large amount of salts, organic matter, sulfur compounds, heavy metal ions, acid, alkaline … This technology uses oxidation reaction of the hydroxyl (OH) free radical group with very strong reaction in short time. Most of the organic waste through the system is quickly broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and smaller organic and inorganic ions through oxidation.

With many economic benefits for farmer, optimized design, simple operation and cost saving, aquaculture wastewater treatment solutions by Electrochemical catalysis technology introduced and developed by NGO will contribute to the effective treatment of pollutants in aquaculture wastewater, ensuring that after-treatment water meets the requirement of QCVN 02:2025 / BNNPTNT standard.

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SMART B – B Standard domestic wastewater treatment system, easy operation, small footprint and extremely low initial investment cost, highly effective in ammonium removal, suitable for factories in industrial zones which must comply with QCVN 40 specification of total nitrogen (TN).

According to the Law on Environmental Protection of 2020 and its related guiding documents, wastewater from urban drainage systems, industrial parks, and concentrated rural residential areas must meet the national technical regulations on the environment issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment before being discharged into receiving sources.

Specifically, wastewater from factories within an industrial park that is discharged into the park’s centralized drainage system must comply with the current regulations on environmental management for industrial parks. The regulation currently in effect is QCVN 40:2025/BTNMT, with the lowest standard being Column B.

For enterprises located outside of industrial parks (KCN) or industrial clusters (CCN), wastewater must be treated to meet the standards outlined in QCVN 14:2025/BTNMT, corresponding to Column C, B, or A.

Petroleum wastewater treatment solution provided and implemented by NGO is thoroughly treating mineral oil by chemical adsorption and has much cheaper cost.

Oily wastewater is mainly composed of mineral oil, in addition garbage, sediment, clay, surfactants, etc.

Essence of oil is dense liquid, with a featured odor, lighter than water, which is slowly oxidized, can last up to 50 years.

1. Oily wastewater exists in the following status:

• Free-form: This oil will emerge and create oil film. Oil is present in the form of free-oil seeds or mixed with water. Free oil will float on the surface because the specific gravity of oil is lower than the specific gravity of the water.
• Emulsion-form: Formed by chemical agents such as soap, caustic soda, detergents, etc., or asphaltene chemistry altering surface tension and chemically stabilizing the dispersed oils.
• Soluble-form: Soluble molecules.

2. Major sources of oily wastewater include:

• Water uses for periodically cleaning tank at petroleum depots to ensure fuel quality.
• Drain out tank-bottom water after ending the process of ship entering into the storage tank.
• Periodic industrial sanitary water and after finishing amendment of technology, equipment in petroleum depots.
• Rain water falls on the area that can contaminate the oil at the storage and petrol stations.
• Water use for floor cleaning, car wash, car maintenance.
• Cooling water or sewage from mechanical factories

3. Treatment solutions currently applied to petroleum production waste water:

• Coagulation, floatation method: Low cost, easy deployment but not thoroughly treated, because super-small mineral oil molecules are difficult to fully coagulate or flotation. Therefore, after-treatment water normally still contains oil.
• Filtration method by using membrane: Can filter up to 90% of the amount of gasoline in the effluent or higher depending on the filtered material. The cost of treatment is usually very high, the material is not reusable and after-treatment water may still has the characteristic smell of oil.
• Material-adsorption method: Can remove oil thoroughly, but the material is quickly saturated (for example, oil-impregnated cloth), easy to be clogged, especially in waste water with high TSS content, high processing costs

After the study period, NGO could provide a solution Oily wastewater treatment that can thoroughly treat mineral oil by chemical adsorption and has much cheaper cost than using adsorption materials. Reaction time is shorter and mineral oil is removed almost completely. After-treatment water has no odor. The solution is suitable for projects with small scale discharge capacity as well as projects with large discharge capacity.

Wastewater with reside generated from storage tank rinsing process (1-2 year/time) is the effluent source of highest oil contaminated level, from tens to tens of thousands ppm. Characteristics of this type of wastewater is high concentration of oil and high inorganic residue.

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The solution to plating wastewater treatment with high technology, little or no use of chemicals and no separation of currents, ensure the output water meet standard A.

1. Discharge source

1.1 Classification of plating technology:

• Electroplating: is the most widely used method today. Electroplating is the process of electrochemical cathode poles. Metal surface as cathode in an electrolytic vessel using an external DC power source, the plating solution is anode containing metal ions to be plated. These metal ions participate in cathode reaction and are de-electrochemical into electrolytic metal and precipitate on the surface to be treated.
• Chemical plating: is a method based on chemical reduction, metal ions are reduced to metal from its salt solution by reducing agents. The electronics required for the reduction process are provided by chemical reducing agents. For example, in Nickel Plating, sodium hypophosphite is used as a reducing agent
• Hot dip galvanizing: is the process in which the material to be plated passes through a metal storage tank (pure metal), which is melted at a high temperature, resulting in the metal plating on the surface of the materials to be plated.

.2 Basic plating process:

1.3 Sources of wastewater:

• Wastewater from the plating process: The solution in the plating tank can leak, scatter or stick to the plating jigs and outward details. After a period of operation, the plating tanks need to be cleaned by discharging dirt and sediment along the wastewater stream. Therefore, the amount of wastewater is not much, but pollutants are diverse, with a high concentration of pollutants (Cr6 +, Ni2 +, CN–…)
• Wastewater from surface cleaning process: There is grease on metal surfaces due to mechanical curing and polishing. To ensure the coating quality, the parts need to be cleaned by chemical degreasing, solvents or electrochemical before plating. Therefore, the volume of wastewater generated in this process is large but the concentration of pollutants is low, mainly containing alkalis, acids and solutions.

2. Composition and characteristics of wastewater

• Wastewater from plating process contains a lot of heavy metals, which has significant long-term impact on the environment, leading to future consequences because if the wastewater is not treated properly, metal ions, salts and other compounds will exist and be accumulated in the natural environment instead of being degraded when they are released into the environment.
• This type of wastewater can destroy plankton, cause poisoning and disease to aquatic animals, especially fish (one of the links in the food chain in which humans are involved) that causes dangerous diseases in humans. The process is called bioaccumulation in which toxins derived from metals are released into the environment, and gradually accumulate in aquatic animals for a long time, following many food chains, affecting to people. Therefore, it is necessary to have a plating wastewater treatment system that separates metal ions before being discharged into the environment in accordance with the prescribed standards in Vietnam.
• Plating wastewater has a variety of concentrations, pH varies widely from being acidic (pH = 2 – 3) to very alkaline (pH = 10 – 11). A common feature of plating wastewater is that it contains a high content of inorganic salts and heavy metals. Depending on the metal of the coating, the source of pollution can be Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, etc., and depending on the metal salt used, the wastewater contains toxins such as cyanide, sulphate, ammonium, chromate, etc. Organic substances are rarely found in plating wastewater, the main part is flocculants, surfactants, etc. Therefore, the BOD, COD or grease are often low and not main objects of the treatment process. The main treatment objects are inorganic ions, especially heavy metal salts such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn, etc., with high pH and high temperature.
• For factories using industrial salt in the production process, wastewater often has high nutritional Ammonium and Nitrogen content, even high chlorine generated by the salt electrolysis process, which are quite difficult to be treated and the cost of treatment is high.
• Typical plating wastewater characteristics (*) Pollution values do not include high-concentrated pollution effluents

3. Công nghệ xử lý nước thải xi mạ phổ biến tại VN

• Current wastewater treatment system applies a chemical precipitation method for metals present in the wastewater. This method should strictly follow reaction conditions for maximum removal of heavy metals. The typical metals of the wastewater stream are: Chromium, Zinc, and Nickel are all amphoteric metals. Their chemical precipitates can all dissolve in the excess alkaline environment. Thus, if the pH control process is not followed, the metal will not be removed as much as possible so that the water quality can be improved to meet QCVN 40: 2025/BTNMT.
• The chemicals commonly used to treat plating wastewater are FeSO4, FeCl, H2SO4, Na2S2O5, PAC, Polymer.

4. NGO’s solutions to wastewater treatment

• LESS OR NO CHEMICAL USED to remove heavy metals and other pollutants in water, which helps reduce chemical costs, with easier and less toxic operation, reducing sludge generated, limit the cause of secondary pollution.
• Because of chemical-free and not subject to PH conditions to coagulate each metal component, the NGO’s solution allows to treat all wastewater effluents generated in the plating process with no separation of currents, thereby minimize number of tanks and the complexity of treatment process, and simplify the wastewater collection systems from various production segments.

4.1 Plating wastewater treatment solution using various types of filtration technology.

4.2 Plating wastewater treatment solution using electrochemical technology.

4.3 Water sample after treatment                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

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Vietnam’s garment industry is one of the key economic industries that attracts many laborers and brings a lot of foreign currency to the country. However, in the value chain of the industry, there are many production stages such as dyeing, printing, completing, industrial washing, discharging large amounts of wastewater, which has great impact to the environment.

It is estimated that the amount of wastewater discharged from the textile dyeing processes is very large; from 120 to 300m3/ton of fabric, the weaving and dyeing stage requires from 12 to 65 liters of water for 1 meter of fabric and discharges from 10 to 40 liters of water. Textile wastewater is very diverse and complex. According to calculations from the types of chemicals used such as: dyes, surfactants, electrolytes, lozenges, media, starch, enamel, oxidants …There have been hundreds of typical chemicals such as solutes and heavy metals.

1. Composition and characteristics of textile dyeing wastewater

Wastewater from textile industry includes main pollutants: High temperature, impurities separated from textiles such as grease, nitrogen-containing compounds, pectin, dirt sticking to fibers; chemicals used in technological processes such as starch starch, H2SO4, CH3COOH, NaOH, NaOCl, H2O2, Na2CO3, … dyes, auxiliaries, soak, colorant, detergent. The amount of chemicals used depends on the type of fabric, color and mainly goes to the wastewater of the manufacturing stage.

1.1 Pollutants and wastewater characteristics of textile and dye industry

(Source: Wastewater treatment technology using biological methods – Assoc. Prof. PhD. Luong Duc Pham)

1.2 Wastewater characteristics of some dyeing factories in Vietnam

(Source: Faculty of Environment – Hanoi University of Science, 2004)

1.3 The composition of dyeing wastewater is presented in the following table:

(Source: Faculty of Environment – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology)

Basically, textile-dyeing wastewater often has high temperature, high level of color, pH> 9, high BOD and COD. On the other hand, wastewater from textile industry contains some chemicals with heavy metals, toxic components that not only destroys aquatic organisms but also has negative and direct impact on human life.

Current technology of textile wastewater treatment

2. Wastewater treatment technology of textile and dyeing industry is currently applying common technologies:

• Combination of chemical-physical method (coagulation / flocculation) and filtration;
• Combination of chemical-physical method and aerobic biological treatment or vice versa;
• Combination of chemical-physical method, aerobic biological and chemical-physical treatment;
• Combination of chemical-physical method, biological treatment and filtration (sand filter or activated carbon) 

Diagram of the current technological process of textile dyeing wastewater treatment:

In general, the traditional technologies currently applied to the textile wastewater treatment still have many difficulties for businesses, for example:

• Using chemicals mainly can eliminates dispersed colors only, more complex color components such as reactivation and reconstitution are often impossible to be removed.
• When using many chemicals, operating costs will be very high, it is especially difficult to quantify chemicals for flocculation steps, or Fenton due to production by order, color composition and pollution concentration of wastewater often fluctuates according to orders.
• Microbiological systems are often large, requiring a lot of space

NGO with breakthrough solution to color treatment

• Eliminates above 95% of all colors, including activated color, no use of flocculating or decolorizing chemicals, less produced sludge.

• Color treatment efficiency is independent of the microbiology and weather fluctuations • Results are visible on the first day of operation, without waiting

NGO với giải pháp ĐỘT PHÁ trong xử lý màu

• Eliminates above 95% of all colors, including activated color, no use of flocculating or decolorizing chemicals, less produced sludge.
• Color treatment efficiency is independent of the microbiology and weather fluctuations
• Results are visible on the first day of operation, without waiting

3. Practical case studies in Vietnam

Tại Saitex Đồng Nai, nhà máy đã áp dụng giải pháp ZERO DISCHARGE (0 xả thải) cho hệ thống xử lý nước thải Demin với công suất 1000 m3/ngày đêm, sử dụng các công nghệ tiên tiến gồm: VI SINH – ĐIỆN PHÂN KEO TỤ – LỌC UF & RO

• Tái tuần hoàn nước 98%
• Thời gian hoàn vốn đầu tư cho toàn bộ hệ thống ~ 2 năm
• Không cần quan trắc chất lượng nước định kỳ với cơ quan chức năng do không xả thải

* Color treatment process is extremely simple: Textile wastewater is firstly collected to the flow equalization basin with aeration, and then pumped onto the Decoloring Device by electrolytic oxidation; at this step, metal ions and electrons are generated, creating redox reactions to break down the emulsion, destroy colloids and suspended solids. Fe ++ or Al ++ ions are released from the electrode, creating stable flocculants to remove most of the color in wastewater by flotation or gravity deposition or mechanical filtration, leaving the clear water be discharged or pumped into the next treatment facility. In particular, the contaminated components including heavy metals, grease and most of the COD are also removed at the same time of color treatment.

3. Practical case studies in Vietnam

https://style-republik.com/saitex-nha-may-san-xuat-jeans-tac-dong-moi-truong/

Mores: Wastewater treatment of textile and dyeing industry video: hhttps://www.youtube.com/watch

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